Quotulatiousness

February 10, 2021

Napoleonic Wars: Battle of Trafalgar 1805

Filed under: Britain, France, History, Military — Tags: , , — Nicholas @ 02:00

Kings and Generals
Published 5 Nov 2017

Napoleon Bonaparte fought all his battles on land, but no other battle influenced his military and political decisions as the battle of Trafalgar that was fought in 1805 off the coast of Spain between the allied Franco-Spanish fleet lead by the admirals Pierre-Charles Villeneuve and Federico Gravina and the Royal Navy of the United Kingdom commanded by the admirals Horatio Nelson and Cuthbert Collingwood. This is our first video on the War of the Third Coalition and second video in this series. We hope to have much more and cover all the Napoleonic Wars.

Support us on Patreon: http://www.patreon.com/KingsandGenerals or Paypal: http://paypal.me/kingsandgenerals

We are grateful to our patrons, who made this video possible: Koopinator, Daisho, Łukasz Maliszewski, Nicolas Quinones, William Fluit, Juan Camilo Rodriguez, Murray Dubs, Dimitris Valurdos, Félix Gagné-Dion, Fahri Dashwali, Kyle Hooton, Dan Mullen, Mohamed Thair, Pablo Aparicio Martínez, Iulian Margeloiu, Chet, Nick Nasad, Jeyares, Amir Eppel, Thomas Bloch, Uri Sternfeld, Juha Mäkelä, Georgi Kirilov, Moe Mia, Daniel Yifrach, Brian Crane, Muramasa, Gerald Tnay, Hassan Ali and Richie Thierry.

This video was narrated by good friend Officially Devin. Check out his channel for some kick-ass Let’s Plays. https://www.youtube.com/user/Official…

The Machinimas for this video are created by one more friend – ltflak. Check out his channel for some great Let’s Plays and Machinimas: https://www.youtube.com/user/ltflak

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Inspired by: BazBattles, Invicta (THFE), Epic History TV, Historia Civilis and Time Commanders

Machinimas made on the Napoleon Total War

Production Music courtesy of Epidemic Sound and Total War Napoleon: http://www.epidemicsound.com
Songs used:

Epidemicsound:
“Slaves” – Gunnar Johnsén
“At The Front” – Johan Hynynen
“Battle Ostinato 3” – Valdemar Hansen

Total War Napoleon:
Richard Beddow – “Corsica, Humble Beginnings”
Ian Livingstone – “The Battle At Arcole”
Richard Beddow – “HMS Victory”
Richard Beddow – “The End”

December 9, 2020

Historical Models Summarized: The Military Expedition

Filed under: Asia, Europe, France, History, Humour, Military, Russia, USA — Tags: , , , , — Nicholas @ 02:00

Overly Sarcastic Productions
Published 18 Feb 2016

Today, Blue discusses recurring themes in history! This one’s the Military Expedition, aka what happens when a powerful military juggernaut gets too big for its britches and starts saying stuff like “too big to fail” unironically.

Blue: If you’re curious about the weird chart/graph thing blue showed during the Napoleon segment, look up Charles Joseph Minard [mentioned here and here], the guy who made it. It’s a really cool chart that shows the size of the army as it traveled across Russia (tan) and back (black). You can see how perilous the journey was based on how narrow the line gets. Graphs are cool.

October 24, 2020

Napoleon’s Masterpiece: Austerlitz 1805

Filed under: Europe, France, History, Military, Russia — Tags: , , , — Nicholas @ 04:00

Epic History TV
Published 28 Jun 2018

Napoleonic Wars Part 1: Napoleon’s brilliant 1805 campaign culminates in victory at Austerlitz.

Start your FREE trial with The Great Courses Plus here: http://ow.ly/t5FO30kFTfy

Get early access and a vote on future topics by supporting Epic History TV on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/epichistorytv

With thanks to HistoryMarche, check out his channel here: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC8MX…

Learn more about the Napoleonic Wars with titles from our co-production partner Osprey Publishing (as an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases):
Austerlitz 1805 http://geni.us/DlxI
Trafalgar 1805 http://geni.us/4zBYD
French Napoleonic Infantry Tactics 1792 – 1815 http://geni.us/lodnYm

Music from Filmstro: https://filmstro.com/?ref=7765
Get 20% off an annual license with this exclusive code: EPICHISTORYTV_ANN

“The Great Courses Plus is currently available to watch through a web browser to almost anyone in the world and optimized for the US market. The Great Courses Plus is currently working to both optimize the product globally and accept credit card payments globally.”

#EpicHistoryTV #NapoleonicWars #Napoleon

Music track “Heavy Interlude” by Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com)
Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/b…

October 8, 2020

Keeping up with the Bonapartes, Sino-German relations and Barbarossa news – WW2 – OOTF 018

Filed under: China, Europe, France, Germany, History, Military, WW2 — Tags: , , , , — Nicholas @ 04:00

World War Two
Published 7 Oct 2020

What were the Bonapartes up to during World War Two? How were the German casualties of Operation Barbarossa reported, if at all, in Germany? And what exactly was the relationship between China and Germany in World War Two? Join Indy in the Chair of Infinite Wisdom to find out.

Join us on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/TimeGhostHistory
Or join The TimeGhost Army directly at: https://timeghost.tv

Follow WW2 day by day on Instagram @ww2_day_by_day – https://www.instagram.com/ww2_day_by_day
Between 2 Wars: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list…
Source list: http://bit.ly/WW2sources

Hosted by: Indy Neidell
Written by: Lewis Braithwaite, Ian Sowden, and Samir Mechel
Director: Astrid Deinhard
Producers: Astrid Deinhard and Spartacus Olsson
Executive Producers: Astrid Deinhard, Indy Neidell, Spartacus Olsson, Bodo Rittenauer
Creative Producer: Maria Kyhle
Post-Production Director: Wieke Kapteijns
Research by: Lewis Braithwaite, Ian Sowden, and Samir Mechel
Edited by: Monika Worona
Sound design: Marek Kamiński
Map animations: Eastory (https://www.youtube.com/c/eastory)

Colorizations by:
Daniel
Mikołaj Uchman
Musvage

Visual sources:
Bundesarchiv

Archive by Screenocean/Reuters https://www.screenocean.com.

A TimeGhost chronological documentary produced by OnLion Entertainment GmbH.

October 7, 2020

Ten Minute History – The French Revolution and Napoleon

Filed under: Britain, Europe, France, Germany, History, Middle East, Military, Russia, USA — Tags: , , , , , — Nicholas @ 02:00

History Matters
Published 12 Sep 2016

Twitter: https://twitter.com/Tenminhistory
Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/user?u=4973164

This episode of Ten Minute History (like a documentary, only shorter) covers the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars from the beginning of King Louis XVI’s reign all the way to the death of Napoleon Bonaparte in 1821. The first half covers the life and death of Louis XVI during the events of the revolution, including the rise and fall of Robespierre and the Reign of Terror. The second half covers the rise of Napoleon, the Napoleonic Wars and the eventual allied victory over France.

Ten Minute History is a series of short, ten minute animated narrative documentaries that are designed as revision refreshers or simple introductions to a topic. Please note that these are not meant to be comprehensive and there’s a lot of stuff I couldn’t fit into the episodes that I would have liked to. Thank you for watching, though, it’s always appreciated.

October 5, 2020

Napoleonic Wars: Battle of Marengo, 1800

Filed under: Europe, France, History, Italy, Military — Tags: , , , — Nicholas @ 04:00

Kings and Generals
Published 1 Oct 2017

Napoleon Bonaparte is one of the most talented military leaders in the history, so every battle he fought is fascinating, as well as his complete knowledge of tactical and strategic aspects of the war. He was part of the French Revolution and ended it, he was the biggest conqueror of Europe, but also brought its unity closer. The battle of Marengo of 1800, which took place during the War of the Second Coalition between Napoleon and Austrian troops under Baron Michael von Melas is interesting, as French leader committed a big mistake, but was able to score a big victory through sheer will and tactical acumen.

Support us on Patreon: http://www.patreon.com/KingsandGenerals or Paypal: http://paypal.me/kingsandgenerals

We are thankful to our patreons, who made this video possible: Koopinator, Ibrahim Rahman, Daisho, Łukasz Maliszewski, Nicolas Quinones, William Fluit and Juan Camilo Rodriguez

This video was narrated by good friend Officially Devin. Check out his channel for some kick-ass Let’s Plays. https://www.youtube.com/user/Official…

✔ Twitch ► https://www.twitch.tv/nurrrik_phoenix
✔ Twitter ► https://twitter.com/KingsGenerals
✔ Instagram ► https://www.instagram.com/nurrrrrik
✔ Steam ► http://steamcommunity.com/id/nurrrik

Primary sources used:
Chandler, David (1966). Campaigns of Napoleon. Scribner.
Hollins, David (2000). The Battle of Marengo 1800. Osprey Publishing
Тарле Е. В. Наполеон // Собрание сочинений: в 12 томах. — М.: Издательство АН СССР, 1959.

Inspired by: BazBattles, Invicta (THFE), Epic History TV and Historia Civilis, Time Commanders

Machinimas made on Napoleon: Total War

Production Music courtesy of Epidemic Sound: http://www.epidemicsound.com, Napoleon: Total War

Songs used:
Richard Beddow – “Napoleon Bonaparte” – Total War Napoleon Soundtrack
Peter Sandberg – “Subtle Substitutes 3”
Johannes Bornlof – “Solemn”
Magnus Ringblom – “Marching In”
Johannes Bornlof – “Exile Before Dishonor”
Rannar Sillard – “Emperors of Tomorrow 13”
Rannard Sillard – “Deathmatch 3”
Johannes Bornlof – “Barbarians”

August 18, 2020

Napoleon’s First Victory: Siege of Toulon 1793

Filed under: Britain, France, History, Military — Tags: , , , , , — Nicholas @ 06:00

Epic History TV
Published 31 Mar 2018

Get Epic History TV early access & voting rights at Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/epichistorytv

With big thanks to HistoryMarche, check out his channel here: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC8MX…

Find Osprey books on the Napoleonic Wars here:
https://ospreypublishing.com/

#EpicHistoryTV #NapoleonicWars #Napoleon
Music from Filmstro https://www.filmstro.com/
Get 20% off an annual license with this exclusive code: EPICHISTORYTV_ANN

From Osprey Publishing (as an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases):
Toulon 1793: Napoleon’s first great victory: http://geni.us/vUITM
French Revolutionary Infantry 1789-1802: http://geni.us/RsWkNN
Napoleon’s Guns 1792-1815 (1): Field Artillery: http://geni.us/YWU1HaZ
Napoleon’s Guns 1792-1815 (2): Heavy and Siege Artillery: http://geni.us/SJn9I

August 11, 2020

Napoleon’s greatest foe

Filed under: Britain, Europe, France, History, Middle East, Military — Tags: , , , , , , — Nicholas @ 02:00

Lindybeige
Published 18 Jan 2018

Support me on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/Lindybeige

Possibly I did too much research for this one. Trying to stay on-topic when the subject is so vast and so interesting was not easy, hence the rather long video. I didn’t mean to say quite so much about what an utter £$%&*! Napoleon was, but he was so thoroughly vile that it proved impossible not to include some details about the man who won his promotion in the army by mowing down civilian protesters in the streets of Paris with grapeshot from his artillery batteries. Anyway, here are tales of bravery and virtue, as well as horrendous some of brutality, lies, and death.

Correction: The battle against the Russian fleet is called Svensksund (Swedish sound, as in channel), not Svenksund. I missed out an S in my haste.

Buy the music – the music played at the end of my videos is now available here: https://lindybeige.bandcamp.com/track…

Lindybeige: a channel of archaeology, ancient and medieval warfare, rants, swing dance, travelogues, evolution, and whatever else occurs to me to make.

▼ Follow me…

Twitter: https://twitter.com/Lindybeige I may have some drivel to contribute to the Twittersphere, plus you get notice of uploads.

website: http://www.LloydianAspects.co.uk

June 24, 2020

Napoleon’s Great Blunder: Spain 1808

Filed under: Britain, Europe, France, History, Military — Tags: , , , — Nicholas @ 04:00

Epic History TV
Published 16 Jan 2019

In 1808, Napoleon’s rivalry with Britain led to an ill-fated intervention in Portugal and Spain, that sparked a nationalist revolt against the French. At Bailén Napoleon’s Empire suffered its first major defeat, and though Napoleon himself then arrived in Spain to reassert French military dominance, he could not prevent the escape of Sir John Moore’s small British army, after its defensive victory at Corunna on 16 January 1809. The British army would return, under new leadership, to play a major part in his downfall.

Get early access and a vote on future topics by supporting us on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/epichistorytv

With thanks to HistoryMarche, check out his channel here: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC8MX…

Find Osprey books on the Napoleonic Wars here:
https://ospreypublishing.com/

Great books about the Napoleonic Wars (as an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases):
The Napoleonic Wars http://geni.us/R5ZI9c
Corunna 1809 http://geni.us/IHLD
Peninsular War Atlas http://geni.us/S6Na84z
Napoleon the Great http://geni.us/NqMW

#EpicHistoryTV #NapoleonicWars #Napoleon

All music from Filmstro https://www.filmstro.com/
Get 20% off an annual license with this exclusive code: EPICHISTORYTV_ANN

Thanks to The 95th Rifles Battle Re-enactment and Living History Society: https://www.95thrifles.com/

March 7, 2020

The death of Prince Imperial, The Last Napoleon

Filed under: Britain, France, History, Military — Tags: , , , — Nicholas @ 06:00

The History Guy: History Deserves to Be Remembered
Published 14 Jul 2017

The History Guy remembers when the hopes to restore the Second French Empire die in South Africa with Prince Imperial, the last Napoleon. It is history that deserves to be remembered.

The History Guy uses images that are in the Public Domain. As photographs of actual events are often not available, I will sometimes use photographs of similar events or objects for illustration.

Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/TheHistoryGuy

The History Guy: Five Minutes of History is the place to find short snippets of forgotten history from five to fifteen minutes long. If you like history too, this is the channel for you.

The episode is intended for educational purposes. All events are presented in historical context.

#worldhistory #thehistoryguy #militaryhistory

February 13, 2020

The Animated History of Italy | Part 2

Filed under: Europe, History, Italy, Military, WW1, WW2 — Tags: , , , , — Nicholas @ 02:00

Suibhne
Published 23 Apr 2018

The Armchair Historian Collab: https://youtu.be/vGM54x0LsII

Beginning part two, Italy has been recaptured by the Byzantines thanks to the tenacious ambitions of Emperor Justinian. But throughout the Middle Ages, the land became a battleground for more powerful empires. The 19th Century Italian revolution would see the peninsula swept up in the waves of nationalism that was taking the continent by storm.

October 14, 2019

Cavalry Combat & Tactics during the Napoleonic Era

Filed under: Britain, Europe, France, Germany, History, Military — Tags: , — Nicholas @ 04:00

Military History Visualized
Published 20 Jan 2018

This video gives insights in cavalry combat and tactics during the era of Napoleon. This includes cavalry types, forms of combat, formations, organization, principles and many more.

Link to History Gaming Verified: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCoeY…

»» SUPPORT MHV ««
» patreon – https://www.patreon.com/mhv
» paypal donation – https://www.paypal.com/cgi-bin/webscr…

Military History Visualized provides a series of short narrative and visual presentations like documentaries based on academic literature or sometimes primary sources. Videos are intended as introduction to military history, but also contain a lot of details for history buffs. Since the aim is to keep the episodes short and comprehensive some details are often cut.

» SOURCES «
Rothenberg Gunther E.: The Art of Warfare in the Age of Napoleon

Nosworthy, Brent: Battle Tactics of Napoleon and his Enemies

Bruce, Robert B.;‎ Dickie, Iain; Kiley, Kevin;‎ Pavkovic, Michael F.;‎ Schneid, Frederick C.: Fighting Techniques of the Napoleonic Age 1792 – 1815: Equipment, Combat Skills, and Tactics

Ortenburg, Georg: Waffen der Revolutionskriege 1792-1848

Planert, Ute: “Die Kriege der Französischen Revoluation und Napoleons. Beginn einer neuen Ära der europäischen Kriegsgeschichte oder Weiterwirken der Vergangenheit?” In: Beyrau, Dietrich; Hochgeschwender, Michael; Langewiesche, Dieter (Hrsg.): Formen des Krieges. Von der Antike bis zur Gegenwart, S. 149-162

Rogers, H.C.B.: Napoleon und seine Armee / Napoleon’s Army

Browing, Peter: The Changing Nature of Warfare. The Development of Land Warfare from 1792 to 1945

Citino, Robert M.: The German Way of War

Chandler, David: The Art of Warfare in the Age of Marlborough

Philip J. Haythornthwaite: Weapons & Equipment Of The Napoleonic Wars

Hughes, B. P.: Firepower – Weapon Effectiveness on the Battlefield, 1630-1850

Lind, William S.: “Maneuver”; in: Margiotta, Franklin (ed): Brassey’s Encyclopedia of Land Forces and Warfare, p. 661-667

AskHistorians: How does a commander screen his army?
https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorian…

Russell, Jill R.: With rifle and bibliography: General Mattis on professional reading
http://www.strifeblog.org/2013/05/07/…

» DISCLAIMER «
Amazon Associates Program: “Bernhard Kast is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to amazon.com.”

Bernhard Kast ist Teilnehmer des Partnerprogramms von Amazon Europe S.à.r.l. und Partner des Werbeprogramms, das zur Bereitstellung eines Mediums für Websites konzipiert wurde, mittels dessen durch die Platzierung von Werbeanzeigen und Links zu amazon.de Werbekostenerstattung verdient werden können.

» TOOL CHAIN «
PowerPoint 2016, Word, Excel, Tile Mill, QGIS, Processing 3, Adobe Illustrator, Adobe Premiere, Adobe Audition, Adobe Photoshop, Adobe After Effects, Adobe Animate.

August 31, 2019

History Summarized: French Empire (Ft. Armchair Historian!)

Filed under: Africa, Americas, Asia, Europe, France, History, Humour, Military — Tags: , , , , — Nicholas @ 04:00

Overly Sarcastic Productions
Published on 30 Aug 2019

Check out the Armchair Historian channel for more on French Vietnam and the battle of Dien Bien Phu: https://youtu.be/IJ051WyUsW8

Dubious morality, drawn out timescales, intricate royal politics, worldwide stages — Colonialism be like that sometimes. And by “Like That” I mean impenetrably complicated. I did my best, I’ll say that, but oh man is history a mess in the 15-1900s. This stuff is the reason I had so much trouble with history for so long. It’s just so DENSE.

ANYWAY, join Blue and Griffin the Armchair Historian for a look into the history of the multiple successive French Empires. Listen carefully as Blue makes imperceptibly subtle commentary about his extremely non-biased opinions on this chapter in history, and laugh together as we analyze the historical significance of Napoleon Bonaparte’s anime hair.

NOTE on 6:14 — I say Napoleon became Emperor in 1802. That’s a mistake. In 1802, the constitution of France was amended to make the position of Consul permanent, but Napoleon did not become the Emperor until 1804, when he declared the French Empire. That’s my bad.

NOTE on 11:25 — French Guiana, on the northeast coast of South America, remained part of France following the decolonization of Africa. That’s a mapping mix-up.

DISCORD: https://discord.gg/sS5K4R3

PATREON: https://www.Patreon.com/OSP

August 17, 2019

History Summarized: Malta

Filed under: Architecture, Britain, Europe, France, History, Humour, Middle East, Military, WW2 — Tags: , , , , , , , — Nicholas @ 04:00

Overly Sarcastic Productions
Published on 16 Aug 2019

Go to https://NordVPN.com/overlysarcastic and and use code OVERLYSARCASTIC to get 75% off a 3 year plan and an extra month for free. Protect yourself online today!

Malta, the Island of A Dozen Empires, chilling in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea, is one of the most social butterflies in History. Having played host to or fought against every major power in the Mediterranean, this island bears a gorgeous architectural and linguistic record of its past, and is still a treasure to behold in the modern day. I’ve covered a lot of nations and empires in my time here, but between the rich cultural blends, the overflowing artistic treasures, and the Still-In-One-Piece-ness of it all, Malta may have one of the strongest claims to being the Winner of History in my book. What’s so special about Malta? Watch and find out!

NOTE on 7:00 – 7:08 — I’m cheating the time-scales a little here. This church, the Rotunda of Mosta, was actually built mid 1800s. Malta’s lavish church construction continued nearly unabated from C. 1565 to the modern day, so I use this example here — but St Paul’s Co-Cathedral in Valletta, shown from 6:27-6:33 is a better example of pure original Baroque construction. Honestly, all of the churches in Malta deserve a look if you’re curious.

PATREON: https://www.Patreon.com/OSP

DISCORD: https://discord.gg/sS5K4R3

April 14, 2019

British diplomatic blunders in history – German unification

Filed under: Britain, Europe, Germany, History — Tags: , , , , , — Nicholas @ 05:00

An interesting article in Vox, suggesting that the gradual unification of all the German principalities, electorates, duchies, counties, bishoprics, free cities, and miscellaneous other semi-independent bits and bobs of the Holy Roman Empire was not inevitable and that — absent British blundering after the Napoleonic wars — it would have produced a very different 20th century:

The Holy Roman Empire in 1789, before Napoleon “rationalized” hundreds of smaller entities into the Confederation of the Rhine.
Image from Wikimedia Commons.

The boundaries of states are the heart of many recent debates, be it the European refugee crisis, the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP), or Brexit (Snower and Langhammer 2019). After decades of stability, today we are again seeing heated discussions about the shape and extent of political borders. Clearly, borders are neither naturally given nor random. In Europe and elsewhere, the current state borders have been formed and changed over centuries, sometimes peacefully, often in bloody wars. In Huning and Wolf (2019), we look at the formation of the German nation state led by Prussia and trace it back to a change in borders decided at the Congress of Vienna in 1814/15.

In a nutshell, we have two findings:

  • First, the geographic position of a state can be a crucial factor for institutional change and development.
  • Second, the formation of the German Zollverein in 1834 under Prussian leadership was a truly European story, involving Britain, the Russian Empire, and the Belgian revolution of 1830/31. We show in particular that the Zollverein formed as an unintended consequence of Britain’s intervention in 1814/15 to push back Russian influence over Europe.

In theory, why would the geographic position of a state relative to that of other states matter? Intuitively, it should matter as long as the costs of trade and factor flows depend on their routes. If a large share of my trade has to pass the territory of one or several neighbours, my trade and trade policy will depend on the trade policy of my neighbours. Moreover, if tariffs are levied not only on imports but also on transit trade, as was general practice until the Barcelona Statute of 1921 (Uprety 2006), policymakers face the problem of multiple marginalisation, which is well known from the literature on supply chains. In our work, we provide a simple theoretical framework (in partial equilibrium) to show how the location of a revenue maximising state planner will affect its ability to set tariffs. Some states can increase their tariff revenue at the expense of their hinterland. Next, we show that a customs union can be beneficial for a group of states exactly because it solves the problem of multiple marginalisation.

A major challenge to testing our idea empirically is that a state’s political boundaries (and hence its location) do not change very often, and if they do, the change is unlikely to be unrelated to trade or factor flows. However, the formation of the German Zollverein in 1834 can be considered as a quasi-experiment. Let us briefly revisit this historical episode. At the end of the Napoleonic wars of 1792-1814/15, only Russia and the UK were left as major military powers. Habsburg, Prussia, and the defeated France attempted to consolidate their positions at the expense of the many smaller states that had just about survived the wars, notably the former allies of Napoleon such as Saxony and Poland. Overall, the negotiations at the Congress of Vienna in 1814 were dominated by military-strategic considerations between the two great powers. Russia wanted to expand westwards, Prussia was desperate to annex the populous Kingdom of Saxony, which bordered Prussia in the south and would create a large and coherent territory. To this end, Prussia was willing to give up not only her Polish territories to Russia, but also her positions and claims on the Rhineland (Müller 1986). This met stiff resistance from Britain, joined by Habsburg and France, which feared a new Russian hegemony on the continent – the ‘Polish Saxon question’. After weeks of diplomatic struggle, the outcome was a division of Saxony, another division of Poland and Prussia being established as the “warden of the German gate against France” (Clapham 1921: 98). Figure 1 shows the result of these negotiations.

H/T to Continental Telegraph for the link.

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