{"id":93492,"date":"2025-01-13T03:00:21","date_gmt":"2025-01-13T08:00:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/quotulatiousness.ca\/blog\/?p=93492"},"modified":"2025-01-12T12:50:31","modified_gmt":"2025-01-12T17:50:31","slug":"the-thucydides-trap","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/quotulatiousness.ca\/blog\/2025\/01\/13\/the-thucydides-trap\/","title":{"rendered":"The &#8220;Thucydides Trap&#8221;"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>At <em>History Does You<\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/secretaryrofdefenserock.substack.com\/p\/the-thucydides-trap-myth\" target=\"_blank\">Secretary of Defense Rock<\/a> provides a handy explanation of the term &#8220;the Thucydides Trap&#8221;:<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/quotulatiousness.ca\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/Destined-For-War-by-Graham-Allison-cover.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"float:right; padding: 0px 0px 10px 25px\" src=\"https:\/\/quotulatiousness.ca\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/Destined-For-War-by-Graham-Allison-cover.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"390\" height=\"595\" class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-93493\" srcset=\"https:\/\/quotulatiousness.ca\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/Destined-For-War-by-Graham-Allison-cover.png 390w, https:\/\/quotulatiousness.ca\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/Destined-For-War-by-Graham-Allison-cover-98x150.png 98w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 390px) 100vw, 390px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<blockquote><p>In the world of international relations, few concepts have captured as much attention \u2014 and sparked as much debate \u2014 as the &#8220;Thucydides Trap&#8221;. Brought to prominence by Harvard political scientist Graham Allison, the term suggests that conflict is almost inevitable when a rising power threatens to displace an established one, a dynamic often invoked to frame the strategic rivalry between the United States and China. Lauded as a National Bestseller and praised by figures like Henry Kissinger and Joe Biden, Allison&#8217;s <em>Destined for War: Can America and China Escape Thucydides&#8217;s Trap?<\/em> has become a staple of policy discussions and academic syllabi. Yet beneath the widespread acclaim lies a deeply flawed analysis, one that risks oversimplifying history and perpetuating a fatalistic narrative that could shape policy in dangerous ways. Far from an inescapable destiny, the lessons of history and the nuances of modern geopolitics suggest that the so-called &#8220;trap&#8221; may be more myth than inevitability.<\/p>\n<p>The term &#8220;Thucydides Trap&#8221; is derived from a passage in the ancient Greek historian Thucydides&#8217; work <em>History of the Peloponnesian War<\/em>, where he explained the causes of the conflict between Athens (the rising power) and Sparta (the ruling power) in the 4th century BC. Thucydides famously wrote<\/p>\n<ul>\n<p><em>It was the rise of Athens and the fear that this instilled in Sparta that made war inevitable.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Allison defines the &#8220;Thucydides Trap&#8221; as &#8220;the severe structural stress caused when a rising power threatens to upend a ruling one&#8221;.<sup>1<\/sup> More articles by Allison using this term previously appeared in <em>Foreign Policy<\/em> and <em>The Atlantic<\/em>. The book, published in 2017, was a huge hit, being named a notable book of the year by the <em>New York Times<\/em> and <em>Financial Times<\/em> while also receiving widespread bipartisan acclaim from current and past policymakers. Historian Niall Ferguson described it as a &#8220;must-read in Washington and Beijing&#8221;.<sup>2<\/sup> Senator Sam Nunn wrote, &#8220;If any book can stop a World War, it is this one&#8221;.<sup>3<\/sup> A brief search on Google Scholar reveals the term &#8220;Thucydides Trap&#8221; has been cited or used nearly 19,000 times. In 2015, Australian Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull even publicly urged President Xi and Chinese Premier Li Keqiang to avoid &#8220;falling into the Thucydides Trap&#8221;.<sup>4<\/sup> One analyst observed that the term had become the &#8220;new cachet as a sage of U.S.-China relations&#8221;.<sup>5<\/sup> The term has become so prominent that it is almost guaranteed to appear in any introductory international politics course when discussing U.S.-China relations.<\/p>\n<p>Allison wrote in his essay &#8220;The Thucydides Trap: Are the U.S. and China Headed for War?&#8221; in <em>The Atlantic<\/em> published in 2015, &#8220;On the current trajectory, war between the United States and China in the decades ahead is not just possible, but much more likely than recognized at the moment&#8221; forewarning, &#8220;judging by the historical record, war is more likely than not&#8221;.<sup>6<\/sup> A straightforward analysis of the 16 cases in the book and previous essays might indicate that, based on historical precedent, there is approximately a 75 percent likelihood of the United States and China engaging in war within the next several decades. Adding the additional cases from the Thucydides Trap Website would still leave a 66 percent chance, more likely than not, that two nuclear-armed superpowers will go to war with one another, a horrifying and unprecedented proposition.<sup>7<\/sup><\/p>\n<p>With such alarm, it&#8217;s no surprise that the concept gained such widespread attention. The term is simple to understand and in under 300 pages, Allison delivers a sweeping historical narrative, drawing striking parallels between events from ancient Greece to the present day.<sup>8<\/sup> International Relations as a field often struggles to break through in the public discourse, but <em>Destined for War<\/em> broke through, making a broad impact on academic and popular discourse.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<ul>\n<p><em>1. Graham Allison, <strong>Destined For War: Can America and China Escape Thucydides&#8217;s Trap?<\/strong> (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2017), 29.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>2. Ibid., iii.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>3. Ibid., vi.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>4. Quoted by Alan Greeley Misenheimer,<strong> Thucydides&#8217; Other &#8220;Traps&#8221;: The United States, China, and the Prospect of &#8220;Inevitable&#8221; War<\/strong> (Washington: National Defense University, 2019), 8.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>5. Misenheiemer, 1.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>6. &#8220;Thucydides&#8217;s Trap Case File&#8221; Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard Kennedy School, accessed December 31, 2024<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>7. Graham Allison, &#8220;The Thucydides Trap: Are the U.S. and China Headed for War?&#8221; <strong>The Atlantic<\/strong>, September 24, 2015.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>8. Misenheimer details what Thucydides actually said about the origins of the Peloponnesian War, 10-17.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/ul>\n<\/blockquote>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>At History Does You, Secretary of Defense Rock provides a handy explanation of the term &#8220;the Thucydides Trap&#8221;: In the world of international relations, few concepts have captured as much attention \u2014 and sparked as much debate \u2014 as the &#8220;Thucydides Trap&#8221;. Brought to prominence by Harvard political scientist Graham Allison, the term suggests that [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[32,22,7,5,13],"tags":[1527,732,86,1152,1151,1575,1582],"class_list":["post-93492","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-books","category-china","category-history","category-military","category-usa","tag-ancientgreece","tag-athens","tag-criticism","tag-peloponnesianwar","tag-sparta","tag-strategy","tag-thucydides"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p2hpV6-ojW","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/quotulatiousness.ca\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/93492","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/quotulatiousness.ca\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/quotulatiousness.ca\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/quotulatiousness.ca\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/quotulatiousness.ca\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=93492"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/quotulatiousness.ca\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/93492\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":93495,"href":"https:\/\/quotulatiousness.ca\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/93492\/revisions\/93495"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/quotulatiousness.ca\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=93492"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/quotulatiousness.ca\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=93492"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/quotulatiousness.ca\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=93492"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}